<p>The Basilica of the Immaculate Conception is a minor basilica located in Natchitoches, Louisiana, United States. It is also a parish church in the Diocese of Alexandria. The church building is the seventh structure to house the parish and was at one time the cathedral for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Natchitoches. As the Church of the Immaculate Conception it was listed as contributing property in the Natchitoches Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was founded in 1728. The first church was built within the walls of Fort St. Jean Baptiste sometime between 1729 and 1733. A second church, called St. John the Baptist, was built by 1738. It was located between the second fort and what is now known as the American Cemetery. A third church, built of stone, was constructed at the same location in 1771. The fourth church was built fourteen years later. Because the town had moved further north it was located at what is now Front and Church Streets. A fifth church was built of brick and measured 50 ft wide by 100 ft long. Its location is believed to be the site of what is now called Church Street Inn and was destroyed in the Natchitoches fire of 1838. It was replaced by the sixth church, which was completed in the Spring of 1839. It was this church that became the first cathedral for the Diocese of Natchitoches, which was established by Pope Pius IX in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The present church was begun in 1857, but because of the American Civil War and the period of Reconstruction that followed it was not completed until sometime between 1900 and 1905. The church building ceased being a cathedral on August 6, 1910, when the see city was transferred from Natchitoches to Alexandria. It was listed as a contributing property in the Natchitoches Historic District in 1974. Pope Benedict XVI elevated the church to the status of a minor basilica on February 22, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Sweeney School was a trade school in Kansas City, Missouri, founded by Emory J. Sweeney in 1908 to use the "Sweeney System"  and eventually taught more than a dozen trades, e.g., "Autos, Tractors, and Aviation": Sweeney Automobile School and Sweeney School of Aviation. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Enrollment at the Sweeney School grew significantly to train automobile mechanics and radio technicians during World War I.</p><br>
<p>As enrollment increased, the Sweeney School moved south from its 15th Street location to construct a building that would become a Kansas City landmark. Sweeney built the new high-rise school building for his classes directly across from Union Station on Pershing Road in Kansas City, Missouri. The new ten-story building was completed on October 1, 1917. The new building included 12 acres of floor space and had rooms for 800 students to live on site. The building even had a swimming pool in the basement and a motion picture theatre. The new Sweeney School building claimed to contain the largest cafeteria and dining room in the world as well as the largest electric sign in the world on its roof. The electric sign on the roof towered 80 feet above the top of the building and contained five thousand electrical lamps. In 1917, enrollment at the school was 3,674, and by 1919 enrollment had grown to 7,917.</p><br>
<p>During the 1918 flu pandemic, 2,300 of the 3,000 students enrolled at the school contracted the disease. Fifteen mechanics died between September 29 and October 4. A quarantine was ordered, which proved successful in combating the disease. According to the Missouri Historical Review, "Army officials described the quarantine as a reverse quarantine, because it was designed to protect the Army men from civilians, instead of the opposite."</p><br>
<p>Financial reverses caused the closing of the school, in these quarters, and on November 8, 1929, the building was acquired by the Businessmen&#39;s Assurance company, which renovated and remodeled the structure and used it until the BMA Tower opened in 1963.</p><br>
<p>The Sweeney building on Pershing Road was purchased in 1999 by developer Dan Clothier. The University of Missouri Kansas City-Institute for Human Development is located on the 4th and 6th floors of the building. Portfolio Kitchen and Home opened a 7,000 square foot showroom in the building in July 2011. The Associated Press has offices on the 2nd floor of the building.</p><br>
<h2>WHB Radio</h2><br>
<p>Radio station WHB was established at the Sweeney Automobile School by Sam Adair and John T. Schilling. The station debuted in April 1922, and it formally gained its license on May 10. WHB may have originally used WOQs transmitter. The twin towers of WHB on Pershing Road became a well-known Kansas City landmark, along with Sweeneys gaudy "LEARN A TRADE" sign atop his building. With Sweeney liquidating his assets following the 1929 financial crisis, the Cook Paint and Varnish Company acquired WHB from Sweeney on April 4, 1930. The sale was approved by the Federal Radio Commission on April 12, 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Sweeney School of Aviation</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, the Sweeney School added aviation to its training programs. The new Sweeney School of Aviation offered opportunities for students to learn to fly and to learn to repair aircraft. The Sweeney School of Aviation leased a relatively undeveloped airfield in Kansas City, Kansas along the banks of the Missouri River. The airport, known as the Sweeney Airport, opened in 1925 after Sweeney constructed a single hangar-workshop holding approximately 6 planes. When financial troubles later set in for the Sweeney school, the airport was taken over by the Wood Brothers Corporation, renamed the Fairfax Airport. The new airport began operations in April 1929, and it was officially dedicated on August 3 and 4, 1929.</p><br>
<p>McColley&#39;s Chapel is a Methodist chapel located between Ellendale and Georgetown, Delaware. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The property consists of a single-story church facing east-northeast, surrounded by a cemetery. The church proper is a simple wood-framed gabled structure covered in asphalt shingles, with a chancel projecting from the back and a brick chimney applied to the south side. The facade features an open pediment in the gable and a pair of windows flanking the central entrance, with a wooden sign over the door; each side also has three tall, narrow double-hung windows, with a smaller window on either side of the chancel. The interior is fitted with box pews flanking a center aisle, and a pulpit and altar, also aligned with the center line of the building. The chancel opening has plain casing surmounted by a pediment; the back wall of the altar area is ornamented by column casing supporting a dentil architrave.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains burials from 1860 up to 2007. Some plots are surrounded by iron railings; older tombstones are generally of marble and are hard to read. Many of the stones have elaborate low relief, but some stone are simple obelisks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This is the second church building on this land, which was donated by James Rudden in 1857. This building fell into disrepair and was destroyed in a fire sometime in the late 1890s. The current building, its replacement, was constructed in 1898. The church is still used for services and is under the Peninsula-Delaware Conference of the United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>The Bethune–Ayres House is a historic house located 8 mi east of Jerome, Idaho. The lava rock house has a vernacular design which features concrete lintels and windowsills and a symmetrical front facade. The house was owned by local shepherd Peter G. Bethune and was likely also owned by a Captain Ayres.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The E. V. Cooke House is a historic house located northeast of Jerome, Idaho. The lava rock house was constructed in 1919 by stonemason H. T. Pugh. The bungalow-style home features a gable roof with exposed rafters, a gabled dormer with bracketed eaves, and a full porch. The home is similar in style to Pugh&#39;s E. C. Gleason House, which he built in Jerome the prior year.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The O. J. Daniels House is a historic house located 4.75 mi south of Jerome, Idaho. The lava rock house was constructed circa 1928 for farmer O. J. Daniels. While the homes craftsmanship resembles works by stonemason Marland Cox, its builder has not been determined. The homes vernacular design features symmetrical windows topped by flat rock arches, a stone lintel above the front door, and a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Carroll and Bessie E.  Jones House, also known as Poke&#39;s Cottage or The Stone House, is a private house located at 170 West Main Street in Marcellus, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1986 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Carroll Sherman Jones was born in 1857, the son of Marcellus founder George Washington Jones and his wife Emma Brewster (whose nearby house is also on the National Register). He went into his father&#39;s banking business, running the G.W. Jones Exchange Bank in Marcellus from its founding. In 1891. Jones married Bessie E. Caul; the couple had two children. The Jones house was constructed for the family between 1898 and 1900 from a design by the Detroit architectural firm of Alan Clother Varney. Carroll Sherman Jones continued to work at the bank until his death in 1921.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Carroll Jones House is a two-story structure with both Dutch Colonial Revival and Romanesque Revival elements. The interior is decorated in Arts and Crafts style, with quarter-sawn oak doors, trim, and cabinetry.</p><br>
<p>The George Washington Jones House is a private house located at 180 West Main Street in Marcellus, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1986 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Washington Jones was born in 1824 in Preble County, Ohio, the son of Henry and Hannah Jones. The family moved to Michigan in 1830, where the younger Jones helped his father on the farm. In 1851, this father died and Jones was named executor of the debt-laden estate. In 1853, he married Emma S. Sherman; the couple had two sons: Frank S. Jones and Carroll S. Jones (whose nearby house is also on the National Register). Through hard work and a shrewd business sense, Jones eventually accumulated some wealth and paid off all debts by 1862.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, as the railroad was being built, Jones recognized that the present site of Marcellus would be an attractive place for a village, and purchased the land and platted it out. That same year, his wife Emma died. In 1876, Jones married Lizzie Osborn. In 1877, he opened the G.W. Jones Exchange Bank</p><br>
<p>In 1888, Jones built this house for himself and his wife. The lived there until his death in 1896. It was vacant for a span of time in the 1980s and 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The G.W. Jones is a two-story rectangular balloon-frame house with a full-height attic built in the Stick/Eastlake style. The house is still substantially intact.</p><br>
<p>Dragoon Springs is an historic site in what is now Cochise County, Arizona, at an elevation of 4,925 ft. The name comes from a nearby natural spring, Dragoon Spring, to the south in the Dragoon Mountains at 5,148 ft . The name originates from the 3rd U.S. Cavalry Dragoons who battled the Chiricahua, including Cochise, during the Apache Wars. The Dragoons established posts around 1856 after the Gadsden Purchase made the area a U.S. territory.</p><br>
<p>Dragoon Spring was a watering place on the Southern Emigrant Trail in territory which eventually joined the United States in the Gadsden Purchase, becoming part of the New Mexico Territory. Following the purchase, Dragoon Spring was used as a watering place by the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, commonly called the "Jackass Mail", starting in July 1857. After Butterfield started service in September 1858, the Jackass Mail was still operating using Butterfield&#39;s improved trail.</p><br>
<p>Dragoon Springs Stage Station was the second of the two stone fortified stations constructed in Arizona and was the last going west on the 2,700 mile trail from Tipton, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. A six-year mail contract, No. 12,578, was awarded to John Butterfield to start in September 1858 and end on September 15, 1864.</p><br>
<p>Letter from The Postmaster General, Post-Office Department, Washington, D. C., January 13, 1881, "Contract with Overland Mail Company," 46th Congress, 3d Session, Senate, Ex. Doc. No. 21, pp. 1–36.</p><br>
<p>Note: These outline the entire contract over its six year history including all the changes and the order dated March 2, 1861, to transfer the contract to the Central Overland Trail.</p><br>
<p>This station was built in August and early September 1858 by Butterfield&#39;s Overland Mail Company to house employees and livestock. The construction of the station was supervised by Butterfield Division Superintendent William Buckley of Watertown, New York.</p><br>
<p>The station was used by the Butterfield Overland Mail from September 1858 to March 1861 and by other stage lines from 1865 to about 1880. An order dated March 2, 1861, was sent to the Overland Mail Company to transfer the contract to the Central Overland Trail, because of the start of the Civil War. The present marker at the station states that one of the reasons was because of competition from the Pony Express, but the Pony Express never existed in Arizona and was not in competition with any stage line.</p><br>
<p>The earliest stage line to use the station, when a through service returned to the Southern Overland Trail, was Tomlinson & Co.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, it was the site of the First Battle of Dragoon Springs and near to the site of the Second Battle of Dragoon Springs, fought between Apache warriors and Confederate soldiers.</p><br>
<h2>The Six Graves at Dragoon Springs Stage Station</h2><br>
<p>There are six graves that have been identified at the Dragoon Springs Stage Station. There are four rock cairns covering graves north of the gate to the entrance of the ruins of the stage station building. There are two to the west of the same building, consistent with historical accounts. Records indicate that seven individuals were killed at or near the station and they were buried in six graves, and when carefully assessing the evidence the identity of those buried in each set of graves is clear.</p><br>
<h2>Two Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company Graves</h2><br>
<p>The drawing by H. C. Grosvenor, made in 1860, shows the two graves of north the station gate. The photograph to the right was taken from the approximate position of Grosvenor when he made the drawing. In both the drawing and the photo, when a straight line is drawn starting at the top apex of the shark fin like mountain, to the station gate and through the center of the graves, the lines match exactly. Well, to some extent exactly because as any experienced surveyor knows, one can draw a straight line between any two points. In fact, these historical drawings are known to have been approximate and to have collapsed a wider view into a narrower drawing (Seymour 2019).</p><br>
<p>From the history book that contained the Grosvenor drawing was this:</p><br>
<p>"This station, or corral, is 85 miles east of Tucson. It is a rectangular enclosure, protected by a stone wall eight foot high. One third of the space is occupied by storehouses and the sleeping apartment of the station master. These structures are covered by thatched roofs. The mules are kept in the other part, ready for change on the arrival of the mail. A heavy wooden gate defends the entrance. The two graves in the foreground are mementos of a tragedy that occurred on the night of September 8, 1858. Rude wooden slabs at their head bear brief inscriptions. ...With little hope of living, St. John succeeded in writing an account of the murder in a small book, for the information of the mail party that was due the succeeding Monday."</p><br>
<p>In the drawing it appears that the two graves are in line head to foot. They were staggered with a space between them and, at ground level, they are drawn from the perspective of the artist, and this latter point is important to remember.</p><br>
<p>The graves of Butterfield&#39;s Overland Mail Company employees are a result of a massacre that started a few minutes after midnight on September 9, 1858. Some of the station construction crew had just gone on to the San Pedro River to build a station. Left behind were Silas St. John, James Burr, William Cunningham, James Laing, and three Mexican laborers. One of the construction crew that had just left for the San Pedro River was Superintendent William Buckley. As one of those that was killed was his uncle, he wrote an account of the massacre for their hometown newspaper in Upstate New York.</p><br>
<p>"The last hope that there might be an error or falsehood in the first report of the massacre of our old fellow townsman, Mr. James Burr, and his companions, at Dragoon Springs has been dispelled by a letter from William Buckley, one of the superintendents of the overland mail company, to his father. The details of the horrid murder equal in atrocity anything we read in the annals of crime. Mr. B. writes from Tucson, seventy-five miles from Dragoon Springs, September 14, five days after the murder. We copy from his letter:</p><br>
<p>Uncle James, Mr. St. John, Mr. Cunningham and Mr. Laing, together with three Mexicans in our employ, were stationed at that place, Dragoon Springs. Everything had gone on well. I had not learned of any trouble between the men. I had eight mules with quite a large amount of property at the place. The murder was committed by the three Mexicans. Mr. Laing is undoubtedly dead before this. Mr. St. John is wounded, but I think with good care he will recover. The murder was committed in order to steal the property, as I had quite a large amount there. Uncle James was lying outside the corral when he was found, which was on Sunday morning. The murder was committed on Wednesday night. He lay in his blankets, with his head on one side all broken in. He had been killed with a stone hammer, and from all appearances he was struck two blows. He undoubtedly died without a struggle, from his appearance and position when found. Mr. Colwell and another man I had sent up to Dragoon Springs arrived there Sunday morning. Soon after the stage came up with Lieutenant Mowry, Colonel Leach, and several other passengers. Immediately on their arrival they buried uncle James and attended to the wants of the wounded men. They had nothing to eat or drink from Wednesday night to Sunday morning, being unable to move from the corral. Everything was done for them that men could do."</p><br>
<p>Silas St. John gave a personal account of the incident and described the circumstances for being discovered with two horrible wounds and having his arm amputated at the station.</p><br>
<p>"With Sunday morning came relief. Mr. Archibald, correspondent for the Memphis Avalanche, arrived from Tucson on his way to the Rio Grande. Seeing no flag flying and no one moving about the station, he halted a half mile distant, leaving his horse with his companion, and approached with his gun cocked. St. John could not respond to his halloas as his tongue and throat were disabled from thirst. Archibald at once started for the spring, a mile distant up the canyon. He had no sooner left than three wagons of the Leach road party approached from the East. They, too, seeing no life about the station, left the road and made a detour about half a mile to the south—fearing an ambuscade. Then they cautiously approached the corral on foot. In the party were Col. James B. Leach, Major N. H. Hutton and some other veterans, who quickly dressed St. John’s wounds, which were full of maggots. They buried the bodies of Hughes Burr and Cunningham in one grave. Laing still hung to life tenaciously although nothing could be done for him—he died on Monday.</p><br>
<p>An express was started for Fort Buchanan by way of Tucson, as the direct route was not deemed safe for two men. They reached the fort on Wednesday following. The doctor, Asst. Surgeon B. J. D. Irwin, started at once with an escort and reached Dragoon on Friday morning—the ninth day after St. John was wounded. The arm was amputated at the socket. Six days afterward, St. John got into a wagon and rode to the fort; five days later he was able to walk about, and ten days thereafter, being twenty-one days from the operation, was able to mount a horse and ride to Tucson. A remarkable quick recovery from such severe wounds."</p><br>
<p>An article in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1858, titled "Amputation at the Shoulder-Joint, by B. J. D. Irwin, M. D., U. S. Army," gives a brief account of the massacre which corresponds to St. John&#39;s description. Irwin was the surgeon who operated on St. John.</p><br>
<p>"…The largest is a double grave in which rests together the remains of Wm. Cunningham, and James Hughes Burr. The single grave next south is that of James Laing. The two graves north of the double grave are those of a Cal. regiment which used the old station as a fort in 62–63. Those graves have each a rough stone inscribed with the names of the occupants. The double grave and the single one to the south of them are without markers. My good left arm was buried between those graves."</p><br>
<h2>The Four Graves Attributed to a Confederate Battle with the Apache</h2><br>
<p>At the spring, about one mile south of the station, was a battle between Confederate forces and the Apache on May 5, 1862. There are two primary reference to deaths and graves at this location, representing the four graves that are now visible north of the station. The first was this from a Union soldier with Colonel Carleton&#39;s Column from California to the Daily Alta California.</p><br>
<p>"Fort Thorn, July 10, 1862. Dragoon Springs. June 23rd. —At Dragoon Springs found water, but sufficient by using with care and patience. At night the surrounding mountains were alive with Indian fires. Near the stage station are the graves of Hunter’s men, killed by Apaches. On the graves were these inscriptions, neatly cut in rough stone, executed by one of the Union prisoners they had along: ‘S. Ford, May 5th, 1862.’ ‘Ricardo.’ Ford was a Sergeant, and Ricardo was a poor Mexican boy the Texans had forced into service at Tucson."</p><br>
<p>The second account is from Carleton himself. While there are no known Confederate Army orders documenting their battle with the Apache, an original letter that is cited by Historian L. Boyd Finch, in his Confederate Pathway to the Pacific, wherein he devoted part of a chapter to the battle. In a footnote Finch gives a reference for the battle near the station from a Union Order given by Colonel (soon to be General) Carleton. The relevant section of the original letter is quoted here:</p><br>
<p>"The rebels, from the best information I can get, have retired from Arizona toward the Rio Grande. The Apaches attacked Captain Hunter’s company of Confederate troops near Dragoon Spring and killed 4 men and ran off 30 mules and 25 horses."</p><br>
<p>As can be seen in the report it states that "near Dragoon Spring and killed 4 men," and while it does not state that this occurred at the station or even that they were buried there, the likelihood is high that they were buried there given the archaeological evidence. (In L. Boyd Finch&#39;s footnote, which gives the Union Order as a reference, he did not accurately paraphrase the order by stating "Carleton himself later told of the Rebel graves there.)" This is however, irrelevant to the argument, which from the report cited above notes that four confederates were killed, which is consistent with the number of graves visible in one area of the site, two of which have grave markers which identify two of the individuals by name.</p><br>
<p>Another statement is found about the 1862 battle in a Sacramento newspaper:</p><br>
<p>"Correspondent of the Union, Mesilla (A. T.), September 15th, 1862, The California Column. Dragoon Springs are situated in a canon one mile from the road. It was here that a portion of Hunter’s (secesh) party were attacked by the Apaches, who drove off their stock and killed three Texans, whose graves are near the entrance to the canon."</p><br>
<p>The mouth of the canon is at the point where the Dragoon Mountains meet the plain and is about one-half mile from Dragoon Springs Stage Station. While the description given may seem contradictory it is common for historical sources to convey terrain and landscape descriptions that are quite different from how we might perceive these today. The description is really not that far off from reality. Moreover, this article mentions only three Texans were killed instead of four, but this is very likely explained by the fact that at this time, the Mexican boy would not have been referenced as a Texan and, owing to this bias, the Mexican boy, who might not even have been enlisted, was not mentioned by this writer.</p><br>
<p>While it may seem that there is some contradiction concerning exactly who is buried under the four visible rock cairns seen just north of the station gate, when the documents are carefully examined and assessed there are really no contradictions and the burials are quite easily explained.</p><br>
<h2>The 1967 Desecration of Confederate Soldier S. Ford’s Grave and Removal of his Remains and disturbance of the Rock Cairn over one of the Butterfield Employee’s Grave</h2><br>
<p>Regrettably, damage was done to the Confederate rock cairns in 1967. One of the Confederate graves was disturbed and the grave of S. Ford was desecrated and the body removed. On June 9, 1967 a United States Government, Department of Agriculture—Forest Service report was issued concerning the desecration.</p><br>
<p>Violation of the American Antiquities Act of June 8, 1906 upon the Butterfield Stage Route (Dragoon Springs Station) was found upon personal inspection of the site on June 6, 1967.</p><br>
<p>One of the graves of the historic massacre on September 8, 1858 was disturbed at some time previous to this inspection of June 6th. The grave of Ford was excavated and the body or its remnants removed.</p><br>
<p>A follow-up of the desecration was given by the Coronado National Forest Willcox Ranger District.</p><br>
<p>"The common grave is that of the individuals killed in the Station construction massacre. It is unmarked."</p><br>
<p>As the six visible graves are identified both visually and by the National Forest Service desecration reports, the graves are identified as the result of the massacre of Butterfield&#39;s Overland Mail Company employees and those of a Confederate and Apache battle on May 5, 1862.</p><br>
<p>A photo taken by Roscoe P. Conkling and Margaret B. Conkling on December 22, 1929, which when compared to the rock cairns today, show a distinct structural difference.</p><br>
<p>This is common as people loot graves in hopes of finding treasure.</p><br>
<p>Another Conkling 1929 photo shows the carved stone marker for S. Ford on top of one of the rock cairns, but they did not mention which cairn. This marker is now cemented at the base of one of the cairns. Is it the same cairn as that shown in this photo? Also, there was no mention of Ricardo&#39;s stone marker. Consequently, the identification of specific graves must remain in question among the Confederate graves.</p><br>
<p>A chronological record of the Confederate Army engagements in early May 1862, which were between Tucson and Dragoon Springs Stage Station also adds clarity:</p><br>
<p>"May 5, 1862. 3 soldiers killed, incl. Sgt. Samuel B. Ford; 2 soldiers wounded, 1 Mexican killed: Ricardo; 17 horses captured; 21 mules captured; 16 cattle captured. Attack by Chiricahua (Chokonen) and Western Apaches (White Mountain), under Cochise and Francisco, on Confederate soldiers det. Co. A, Baylor’s Regt. Tex. Mtd. Rifles, C.S.A., under Sgt Ford, with a herd of livestock. In a canyon, 1–2 miles west of Dragoon Springs Station. (AZ). Nine Union prisoners were kept under guard at Dragoon Springs by 17 Confederate soldiers under Sgt. Ford. The former were given arms to fight the Apaches. Ford’s party was en route to San Pedro R. to water their stock. Two of the four graves near the station site probably hold the remains of three Overland Mail employees slain by Mexican workers in September 1858, which casts doubt on the number killed in the ambush.</p><br>
<p>May 5, 1862. 4 civilians killed: John Donaldson, Pope, Lamison and son; 1 Mexican killed (boy). Ambush by Apache Indians of civilians. Halfway between Tucson and Rillito Creek (AZ). Lamison is also identified as Lameson or Lameson. Location is also given as "Lowell Road." Date and number of victims bear similarities to the ambush near Dragoon Springs (see previous entry), but geographical description suggest near Tucson. The same Indians probably remained in the vicinity, preying on local herds, which triggered Lt. Swope’s sortie a few days later.</p><br>
<p>May 9, 1862. 5 Indians killed, cattle recovered (all). Attack by 30 Confederate soldiers Co. A, Baylor’s Regt. Tex. Mtd. Rifles, C. S. A., under Lt. Robert L. Swope, on Apache Indians following raid on John G. Capron and Hiram S. Steven’s herd. Near Tucson. (AZ)"</p><br>
<h2>Conclusion for the Identity of the Six Graves</h2><br>
<p>While there were no Confederate Army orders detailing the battles with the Apache, the battle was likely impromptu, as most were and therefore would not have been subject to orders. What at first glance to some may appear to be conflicting accounts for the battles, location, and number killed, to a seasoned analyst, the inferences can be clearly drawn. A relatively definitive identification can be made for those buried under the four clearly visible rock cairns north of the station gate. These are the burials of the Confederate soldiers and the Mexican boy. It is evident from archaeological evidence and by the references given, that the rock cairns to the north covered the graves of four Confederates (3 Texas soldiers and a Mexican boy Ricardo). The two graves to the west of the structure enclose three massacred Overland Mail Company employees. Also, as noted by massacre survivor Silas St. John, his amputated arm was buried between the two graves to the west of the station structure.</p><br>
<h2>An Interpretive Marker at the Graves</h2><br>
<p>An interpretive marker at the graves should honor the massacred Overland Mail Company employees and those with Captain Hunter&#39;s forces that died in battle against the Apache. Information on the marker should be given for the 1967 removal of the remains of Confederate soldier S. Ford.</p><br>
<p>An important event happened at the station October 12, 1872, Chiricahua Apache chief Cochise and General O.O. Howard ended 11 bloody years of warfare with a treaty that granted the Apache much of what has become Cochise County as a reservation.</p><br>
<p>The Keil Farm is a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places, located near South Carolina Highway 11 in the vicinity of Walhalla, South Carolina, in Oconee County. The property includes a c. 1850 farm house and six contributing outbuildings. The farm, built by John Henry Keil, Sr.  is seen as an important symbol of the role German immigrant families played in the development of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>Structures contributing to the historic nature of the property include a barn, a corn crib, a smoke house, tenant house, a chicken house and an outhouse. Most of the outbuildings were likely constructed before 1860.</p><br>
<h2>Farmhouse</h2><br>
<p>The -story L-shaped frame farmhouse originally had two rooms. Through a number of additions since it was first constructed c. 1850, the house has seven rooms, two halls, a kitchen, two porches, an inset porch, three stoops and three baths. The house sits on a fieldstone foundation, which was constructed without the use of mortar. The exterior walls are made of heart pine overlapping boards. The gabled tin roof is a c. 1900 replacement for the original wooden-shingle roof. Of the 6 exterior doors, 5 are original.</p><br>
<p>The dining room features heart pine tongue-and-groove boards on the wall and ceiling with wide floor boards. The living room has beaded boards on the walls and ceiling and a fireplace with a hearth and mantel. The kitchen has the original wide floor, wall and ceiling boards. Electricity and plumbing were not added to the home until 1948. The finished loft features walls and ceilings made from unpainted heart pine tongue-and-groove boards and extensive storage space.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the family until 1994. After a period of neglect, the house was re-purchased by members of the family in 1996, who undertook a partial restoration of the house.</p><br>
<p>Putney Houses are a set of two historic homes located in Richmond, Virginia. The Samuel Putney House at 1010 E. Marshall Street is a three-story, three bay Italianate style townhouse with rich architectural decoration. It features a delicate cast iron, one-story porch across the first story. The neighboring Stephen Putney House at 1012 E. Marshall Street is a three-story, three-bay stuccoed brick dwelling crowned by a bracketed cornice. It features a magnificent two-story verandah of ornamental iron on the east side. Both Putney Houses were built in 1859, and have extensive rear ells. The ornamental ironwork is a product of the local Phoenix Iron Works.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Reveille, also known as the Brick House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. The house consists of three sections. The main -story house dates to about 1806; the -story</p><br>
<p>west wing dates to 1839; and a rear kitchen wing was added to the west wing in 1920. The house is an example of an early 19th-century Federal style country residence. In 1950 the property and house were acquired by the Reveille United Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>William Beers House, also known as the Beers House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1839, and is a three-story, three-bay, Greek Revival style brick dwelling crowned by an Italianate bracketed cornice and shallow hipped roof. It features an entrance with sidelights and pilasters framed by a porch containing coupled Greek Doric order columns. The house was enlarged to a full three stories in 1860. In 1965 the house was acquired by the Medical College of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Hagood-Mauldin House is a property listed on the National Register of Historic Places located in Pickens, South Carolina. The house was originally constructed for James Earle Hagood ca.1856 in the town of Old Pickens but in 1868 when the Pickens District was divided into Oconee County and Pickens County, the house was disassembled, boards and beams numbered, and reassembled at its present location in the town of Pickens.</p><br>
<p>The original house was constructed with log beams and joists pegged together. The exterior was sided with slat boards and the roof was constructed with cedar wood shingles on open wood slats. The first addition to the house was made shortly after it was moved in 1868, when a dining room connected to the rear kitchen house, separated by a breezeway, was constructed. A second addition in 1886 expanded the front parlor and rear dining room and also created a covered side entry porch, a bathroom on the north side of the house and added new fireplaces serve the new rooms. A third addition was made in 1904 which expanded the front porch to include a covered driveway as well as enhancing the interior living spaces with Victorian trimwork and drywall. A wood parapet was added to the porch and the fluted Ionic columns were added, creating the Classical Revival style of the house that still remains.</p><br>
<p>The house was owned by James Earle Hagood, a clerk for the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina until his death in 1904. It was then owned by his daughter, Frances Hagood Mauldin and her husband, Judge Thomas Joab Mauldin who completed the 1904 addition and built a matching building on the property used as a law office.</p><br>
<p>The house is now home to the Irma Morris Museum of Fine Arts and is owned by the Pickens County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Watkins Leigh House, also known as the Wickham-Leigh House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built between 1812 and 1816, and is a three-story, four bay by three bay dwelling showcases Federal style architecture rectangular stuccoed brick. It features an Italianate bracketed cornice and a small Italianate front porch. It was the home of Senator Benjamin W. Leigh  and sold to Lieutenant Governor John Munford Gregory  upon Leigh&#39;s death in 1849. The house was sold to the Sheltering Arms Hospital in 1932, after which a large three-story wing was added to the east side connecting it to the William H. Grant House. The house was later sold to the Medical College of Virginia and used for offices.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The George Newton House is a private house located at 20689 Marcellus Highway near Marcellus, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Newton was born in England in 1777, and emigrated as a boy to the United States. His family settled near Morristown, New Jersey; later Newton moved on to Pennsylvania, and then, in 1804, Ohio. He commanded a regiment of Ohio militia, earning the rank of Colonel, and served in the War of 1812, commanding at times both Fort Black and Fort Meigs.</p><br>
<p>James Newton&#39;s son George Newton was born in 1810 in Preble County, Ohio in 1810.</p><br>
<p>George Newton married Esther Green in 1837; the couple had two children. He followed his father into public service, and was elected to multiple local offices. In addition, he served as a member of the Michigan House in 1858–59. In 1865, Newton commissioned architect Christian G. Haefner to design this house. George Newton died in 1883.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, Fred Russ purchased the house and the surrounding 580 acre parcel of timberland. In 1942, he gifted the land to Michigan State University. The University Forestry School used it as the Fred Russ Experimental Forest. The house was restored by the Cass County Historical Commission. As of 2013, the house operated as a public museum, the Newton House Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The George Newton House is significant as an unusually well-preserved example of an Italianate country villa. It is a two-story house clad with clapboard and a hip roof topped with a belvedere. A veranda runs across the front of the house and a hip roof ell projecting to one side. Overhanging eaves and a classical cornice run under the roof.</p><br>
<p>Morsons Row, also known as James Morsons Row, is a set of three historic rowhouses located in Richmond, Virginia. They were built in 1853, and are three-story, three bay brick structures with flat roofs. They feature Italianate style heavy bracketed cornices, arched door enframements, and elaborately molded consoled lintel over the windows. The distinctive feature of the row is the off-center, two-bay bow on each house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Hancock–Wirt–Caskie House, also known as The William Wirt House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1808–09, and is a two-story, seven-bay Federal-era brick dwelling with a hipped roof. The three bays on either side of the entrance are formed into octagonal-ended or three-sectioned bow front projections with a wooden, two-level porch arcade screening the central space. It has a central hall plan with an octagonal room on the south, a rectangular room behind and a larger single room across the hall. In 1816, William Wirt  purchased the house and lived there until 1818, when he moved to Washington as Attorney General of the United States under James Monroe. Diagonally across Main St, a mansion known as Moldavia was then acquired by the Randolphs, who, like Wirt, were among the oldest and most prestigious planter-aristocrat families of Virginia and were some of the founders of the United States. The Randolphs, however, had to sell one of their mansions in Richmond and sold Moldavia to a Spanish merchant named Joseph Gallego, who in turn sold it in 1825 to John Allan, a merchant of Scots origin who was the foster father of the author Edgar Allan Poe. It was in this house that Poe spent about a year before going away to the University of Virginia in 1826 at the age of 17. The sale of this house to merchants scandalized the planter-aristocracy, who expressed in letters written at the time their disdain for the fact that mere merchants were taking over their property and their world. Later serving as the headquarters of the Richmond Chapter of the American Red Cross, the house is now a private residence. The last business to occupy this house was the law firm of Bowles and Bowles. The house bears a strong resemblance to Point of Honor in Lynchburg, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Parkway Village is a garden apartment complex with 675 residential units, located on 35 acre in the Briarwood section of Queens in New York City. It was completed in 1947 to house United Nations employees and delegates, many of whom had faced racial discrimination when they sought housing in other areas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the United Nations began operations in the New York City area in 1946, people from all over the world came to the area to work for the fledgling international organization, including many persons of color. Almost all real estate in the area was racially segregated, and this along with a national housing shortage made housing options for non-white people particularly limited. In an attempt to surmount this shortage, the UN had contracted for housing in Fresh Meadows and Peter Cooper Village, both new apartment complexes owned by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, but these contracts still allowed the company to deny housing to prospective residents on the basis of race. Although it had not articulated a discriminatory policy, in fact both complexes&#39; residents were exclusively white at the time (and for decades thereafter). Many UN employees protested this situation, and the UN backed out of its contracts with the complexes. Still needing housing near the UN building for its employees, the organization then signed a lease with Parkway Village, which was under construction at the time.</p><br>
<p>As the initial lessee of most of the apartments, the UN could allocate housing to its employees without regard to race or origin. This made Parkway Village an unusually integrated community for its time. The location was convenient to the UNs temporary headquarters, the present Queens Museum building erected for the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, where many thought the organization would build its permanent headquarters, which ultimately was completed in 1952 in Manhattan. Though the UN&#39;s involvement in the property ended the same year that the Manhattan headquarters opened, many of its employees continued to live there, and they comprised about a quarter of all residents three decades later.</p><br>
<p>Ralph Bunche, an African American diplomat who was instrumental in the UNs formation, and who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950, lived at Parkway Village from 1947 to 1952. Bunche was one of the employees who protested the UNs initial involvement with segregated apartment complexes. After leaving Parkway Village, Bunche moved to a private house nearby that is a National Historic Site. Around this time, two prominent residents without UN connections were attracted to the community by its unique international character: civil rights leader Roy Wilkins and labor (and later feminist) activist Betty Friedan both lived at Parkway Village in the early 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The complex consists of 109 buildings, which together occupy 16% of the land, surrounded by landscaped grounds. Each are each two or three stories tall and are faced with red brick. Their style is described as neo-Georgian or "modernized Colonial". The architect was Leonard Schultze, who in prior decades was known for designing luxury hotels (notably the Waldorf Astoria New York), but who in the 1940s had turned his attention to large middle-income apartment complexes for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, including Parkmerced in San Francisco, Park La Brea in Los Angeles, and Parkfairfax in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The landscape designer was Clarence Combs (1892-1958), who had previously worked on many other projects associated with Robert Moses, including the well-known Jones Beach State Park. Moses, a politically powerful parks commissioner and the driving force behind the construction of Parkway Village, had helped to arrange the project&#39;s financing and lease with the UN. He likely recommended Combs for the landscaping role.</p><br>
<p>Owing to both its architectural significance and its historical associations, the complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Chattahoochee County Jail is a historic jail in Cusseta, Georgia. It was constructed in 1902 and opened in 1911. The jail replaced a two-story log jail built in 1855. It was built with some aspects of Romanesque architecture style. It was used until 1975. The jail was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is located on Mt. Olive Street and Boyd Street.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as having features (brick construction, compact massing, simple detailing, and allusions to medieval architectural styles) that are characteristic of the many county jails built at the turn of the 20th century in Georgia. The two-story brick jail was built for $5,000 by the Pauly Jail and Manufacturing Company of St. Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>It was being restored by the Chattahoochee County Historic Preservation Society.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed to be "a good example of a building built to be a county jail in a small county seat."</p><br>
<p>Linden Row is a set of seven historic rowhouses located in Richmond, Virginia. They were built in 1847 and 1853, and are three-story, Greek Revival style brick veneer townhouses on high basements and topped by a simple white cornice of wood. Each house has an identical Grecian Doric order entrance porch supported by two fluted Doric columns. A three-story porch runs the entire length of the back of the houses. Linden Row includes a house owned by noted author Mary Johnston, who died there in 1936.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Crozet House, also known as the Curtis Carter House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1814, and was originally built as a two-story, five-bay, L-shaped brick house over a raised basement in the late-Federal style. It obtained its present U shape after the addition of an east wing to the rear of the house. It was built by Curtis Carter, a local brick mason and contractor. Claudius Crozet, a prominent engineer and educator, purchased the house in 1828 and lived there until 1832. His occupancy of the property gave the building its common name.</p><br>
<p>The architecture firm of Marcellus Wright Jr. maintained offices in Crozet House. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Bolling Haxall House, also known as the Womans Club, is a historic residential building located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built by Bolling Walker Haxall in 1858 and is a three-story Italian Villa style dwelling of sandstone-colored stucco, scored to imitate ashlar. It features a projecting central entrance on the front facade, a raised portico  supported by four fluted columns, and an elaborate double-bracketed, dentiled cornice. An auditorium was added in 1916, after the homes acquisition by the Woman&#39;s Club in 1900.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Stewart–Lee House, also known as the Norman Stewart House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1844, and is a three-story, three-bay, Greek Revival style brick townhouse. Its low hipped roof is pierced by four interior end chimneys and surrounded by a simple molded cornice with a plain frieze. In 1864, Robert E. Lee&#39;s wife and daughter occupied the house after the confiscation of "Arlington." On April 15, 1865, General Lee retired to the home following the surrender at Appomattox. He resided there only until June 1865, due to the "result of constant callers." In 1893, the building was given to the Virginia Historical Society "for the use and occupation of the Virginia Historical Society as a library and assembly rooms&quot they occupied it until 1959. The house was conveyed to the Confederate Memorial Literary Society in 1961, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Henry Coalter Cabell House is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. Its name reflects prominent Richmond attorney and Confederate officer Henry Coalter Cabell, who rented the elegant house for many years.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Coalter Cabell</h2><br>
<p>The son of former Virginia governor William H. Cabell, who became a judge of the Virginia Court of Appeals was an important figure in Richmond society for decades. Around the time he began to rent this house, his law partner was Virginia attorney general Sidney Smith Baxter, the grandson of former Virginia governor William Fleming, who after being defeated for re-election in 1852, moved to Washington, D.C. to practice land law. From 1856 until his death he served on the board of the Virginia Historical Society. He also served on the boards of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, the James River and Kanawha Company and the Virginia Central Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Cabell accepted his first military commission as major of the 1st regiment Virginia Volunteers on December 1, 1857, and was promoted to captain of the 4th Regiment Virginia Artillery (a/k/a Fayette artillery) on December 21, 1859. A week after Virginia seceded, Cabells artillery battery was activated and saw action at Gloucester Point in May. He received a promotion to lieutenant colonel of the 1st Regisment Virginia Artillery in September 1861 and by the following spring was promoted to artillery chief under John Bankhead Magruder and participated in the siege of Yorktown. Cabell received a promotion to full colonel on July 4, 1862, Cabell led an artillery battalion in Lafayette McLaws division. That unit fought at the Battle of Antietem, the Battle of Fredericksburg at year end, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and supported Pickett&#39;s charge at the Battle of Gettysburg. Col. Cabell commanded a First Corps artillery battalion at the Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, North Anna and Cold Harbor, and several times at the Siege of Petersburg acted as chief of artillery. Several Confederate generals recommended that Cabell be made a brigadier general on March 30, 1865, but no vacancy existed so he never received the promotion. He also did not surrender at Appomattox, because he and several other artillery officers engaged federal artillery on April 8, 1865, and had escaped toward Lynchburg. However, Cabell returned to Richmond, took the oath of allegeiance on July 26, 1865, and received a presidential pardon from Andrew Jackson on August 1, 1865.</p><br>
<p>Following the conflict, Cabell was financially embarrassed. However, he resumed his law partnership with his brother in law William Daniel, formerly a judge of the Virginia Supreme Court. On January 11, 1884, his wife died after her clothing caught fire in this home, so Cabell moved to rooms at the Saint Claire Hotel in Richmond, where he died and was buried at historic Hollywood cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1847, and was originally built as a two-story, L-shaped Greek Revival style brick dwelling. It was subsequently added to throughout the 19th century. It consists of a large central section with two-story portico, flanked by two smaller wings. The house features a portico supported by four columns with "Egyptian" lotus flower capitals. It was the home of Henry Coalter Cabell, son of Governor William H. Cabell, and a Confederate veteran and leading member of the Richmond Bar.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Taylor–Mayo House, also known as the Mayo Memorial Church House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1845, and is a two-story, five-bay, Greek Revival style dwelling topped by a hipped roof. The front facade features a three-bay two-story Ionic order portico. The house was elaborately renovated during the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Randolph School is a historic school in Richmond, Virginia. The oldest part was constructed in 1896, with additions made in 1900, 1934, and 1952. It is a 2 1/2-story, brick school building in the Italianate style. It features a four-story entrance tower with a mansard roof, ornamental terra cotta string course, brick corbelling and window hoods. Some of the rooms retain their original tin ceilings.</p><br>
<p>Randolph Schools architect and builder are unknown. The buildings architecture is similar to Fairmount School in Richmond, which also remains in existence.</p><br>
<p>Randolph School served an area then known as Sydney that included ironworkers and stonecutters. When it opened in 1896 tuition was $8.17, teachers earned $50 annually, and the principal $150. It became a "colored" school in 1930. Expansions added junior high school accommodations, a gymnasium, and cafeteria.</p><br>
<p>It served various grades until 1970. It became a special education center until 1974, and was then closed. It was a community center for a time, since then has been rehabilitated as apartments for the elderly.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Joseph P. Winston House, also known as the Winston House, is a historic residence in Richmond, Virginia, United States. It was built in 1873-1874 for wholesale grocer Joseph P. Winston, and is a -story, three-bay, brick residence. It features a half-story, ogee-curved mansard roof with black slate shingles. It also has an elaborate cast-iron front porch and original cast-iron picket fence with gate. Also included is the adjacent Richmond Art Company Building. It was designed in 1920 by prominent architect Duncan Lee, and is a three-story, stuccoed brick building in a Spanish-Mediterranean Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 11, 1979. It is located in the Grace Street Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Centenary United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located in Richmond, Virginia. The Gothic Revival building was completed in 1843. A simple brick building it was initially designed by John and Samuel Freeman before receiving a major expansion in the 1870s according to designs by Richmond architect Albert L. West. It is located at 411 East Grace Street.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 28, 1979. It is located in the Grace Street Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Roseburg Oregon National Guard Armory, also known as the Flegel Community Center, is a historic former armory in downtown Roseburg, Oregon, United States. The Roseburg Oregon National Guard Armory served as the main office of the Roseburg National Guard Company from 1914 until 1977. The building became a full-time community center in 1977. The former armory is located at 1034 SE Oak Ave, Roseburg, OR 97470, and situated directly south of the Roseburg Post Office. The armory was placed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The armory was built in 1913 and 1914. The state architect William C. Knighton designed the building, and John Hunter, a local contractor, constructed it. The building construction is in the Tudor Revival style and resembles a fortress. The armory is a two-story building that was constructed with concrete. The property is 0.41 acres. The main purpose was to provide storage for the equipment, and provide guardsmen a place to have drills. The other purposes of the armory was to be a defensive structure and an arms storage for the town of Roseburg. The armory was the noteworthy periods were the years of 1917 and 1943 because the national guardsmen from the Roseberg area were mobilized for both World Wars. In World War I, the national guardsmen of Oregon all became a part of 41st Infantry Division, and mobilized to France. In World War II, the national guardsmen of Oregon again became the 41st Infantry Division, but they mobilized to Southeast Pacific. In 1977, the armory was decommissioned as the Roseburg&#39;s National Guard Armory.</p><br>
<h2>Community center</h2><br>
<p>The former armory became a community center after being decommissioned.</p><br>
<h2>Umpqua Community College Student Residence</h2><br>
<p>In July 2019, The Roseburg Planning Commission announced the approval of Umpqua Community College plans to allow 35 players and coaches to live in the Flegel Community Center. Umpqua Community College and Sweetwater Trust agreed to a three-year lease. The result meant that the students could not move in on the original date of October 15. The major area was renovated to include an artificial-turf carpet, so the players can have batting and pitching practice.</p><br>
<p>Woodward House is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. The original section was built about 1782. It was subsequently enlarged to a -story, three-bay, frame dwelling. It sits on a brick basement, has a dormered gable roof, and three exterior end chimneys. During the first two decades of the 19th century, it was the home of John Woodward, Captain of the Sloop Rachell, and other craft operating from "Rocketts."</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Pace–King House, also known as the Charles Hill House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1860, and is a large two-story, three-bay, Italianate style brick dwelling. It has a shallow hipped roof with a richly detailed bracketed cornice and four exterior end chimneys. It features a one-story, cast-iron porch, composed of a wide center arch with narrow flanking arches, all supported on slender foliated columns. Also on the property are a contributing brick, two-story servants&#39; house fronted by a two-level gallery and a brick structure which incorporates the original kitchen and stable outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Holly Lawn, also known as the Richmond Council of Garden Clubs House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1901, and is a large -story, Queen Anne style buff-colored brick dwelling with an irregular plan and massing. It features a one-story, wrap-around porch; a two-story entrance tower topped by a pyramidal roof; and a hipped roof broken by gable-, hipped-, and conical roofed dormers with square casement windows. Holly Lawn was built for Andrew Bierne Blair, a prominent Richmond insurance agent.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Columbia, also known as the Philip Haxall House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. A rare surviving Federal villa, Columbia was built in 1817-18 for Philip Haxall of Petersburg, who moved to Richmond in 1810 to operate the Columbia Flour Mills, from which the house derives its name. The building is a two-story, three bay Federal style brick dwelling on a high basement. The entrance features an elliptical fanlight opening sheltered by a one-story Doric porch that was added when the entrance was moved from the Lombardy Street side to the Grace Street side in 1924, when the building was expanded to house the T.C. Williams School of Law of the University of Richmond. In 1834 the Baptist Education Society purchased the house and it became the main academic building of Richmond College, later University of Richmond. It housed the School of Law from 1917 to 1954. In 1984 Columbia was purchased by the American Historical Foundation for its headquarters. The Foundation maintained its offices and a military museum at the property before selling Columbia in 2005. In 2013, Columbia was put up for auction and by late 2014 Thalhimer Realty Partners, Inc.  had purchased the property, repurposing the historic home from office space into Columbia Apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Old Mill is a historic windmill located at 50 Prospect Street in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Built in 1746, it is the oldest functioning mill in the United States. The mill is owned and operated by the Nantucket Historical Association as a museum. It is a contributing property of the Nantucket Historic District. In 1992, it was also designated as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Mill is the only survivor of four windmills that were once located along the range of hills on the west side of Nantucket Island. It is a smock type windmill built in 1746 by Nathan Wilbur, a local sailor who had spent time in Holland. Wilbur used oaken beams that had washed ashore from wrecked ships for much of the mill&#39;s framework, which is held together by wooden pins and scrap metal.</p><br>
<p>In 1828, the Old Mill was sold to Jared Gardner for twenty dollars. By then it was in deplorable condition. However, instead of dismantling it, Gardner, a carpenter, restored the mill to working condition capable of grinding corn. The mill was sold once again in 1866 to John Francis Sylvia, who operated it for many years with his assistant Peter Hoy until it fell into disuse in 1892. In 1897 Caroline French purchased the mill at an auction for $850 and donated it to the Nantucket Historical Association.</p><br>
<p>The Old Mill is 50 feet (15.24 m) high, with four vanes 30 feet (9.144 m) in length. The interior mechanism has a driving wheel at the top, connected to the blades. It has a fixed body containing machinery and a cap that turns to face the sails into the wind. Projecting from the driving wheel are wooden cogs that intersect with another set of wooden teeth in a vertical shaft, which in turn revolves the upper grindstone. A crude brake consisting of heavy oak beam attached by a rope and pulley to a box of stone weighing several hundred pounds was built to counteract the force of the wind. The box of stone can be raised or lowered to press the beam against the windmill shaft.</p><br>
<p>Inside, seasonal visitors can watch the gears as corn is ground into meal, producing about 5 bushels an hour. Documentation of the restoration of the windmill is located at the Nantucket Historical Association&#39;s Research Center.</p><br>
<p>Weisiger–Carroll House is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built about 1765, and is a two-story, vernacular, frame dwelling. It sits on a high brick basement, has a gable roof, and exterior end chimneys. The interior features original woodwork and a Federal style mantel. The house served as a hospital during the American Civil War and more than 100 Confederate soldiers who died there lie buried in a cemetery behind the house. The house was restored in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>John Whitworth House is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1857, and is a two-story, three-bay, Greek Revival style frame dwelling with a low hipped roof. The house was purchased by noted landscape architect Charles F. Gillette in 1923, and subsequently remodeled in the Colonial Revival style. The property includes a formal garden designed by Gillette.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Thomson Road–Air Line Railroad Bridge, also known as just the Thomson Road Bridge, is a bridge located on Thomson Road over the abandoned Michigan Air Line Railroad right-of-way in Howard Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is one of the oldest examples of a concrete T-beam bridge in Michigan, and has a rare brick deck.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main line of the Michigan Central Railroad, located about.5 mile west of this site, was constructed through Cass County in 1848. Just after the Civil War, a new rail line known as the Michigan Air Line Railroad was constructed, linking Jackson with the Michigan Central line at Niles; two years later, the route was controlled by the Michigan Central. In 1919, a cutoff was constructed through Howard Township, linking the main Michigan Central line to the Airline. This bridge was constructed at the same time, probably from a design developed by the railroad company.</p><br>
<p>The railroad beneath the bridge has been abandoned for many years and is overgrown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Thomson Road–Air Line Railroad Bridge is one of the oldest examples of a concrete T-beam bridge in Michigan, and the only historically significant bridge of the type having multiple spans. which has a slight arch. The original bridge railings are metal pipe panels strung between concrete posts. The bridge has maintained an excellent integrity.</p><br>
<p>Westbourne, also known as Pinehurst, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was designed by architect W. Duncan Lee in 1915, and built in 1919. It is a -story, Georgian Revival style brick dwelling consisting of a symmetrical central block flanked by two-story brick wings and covered with a hipped slate roof. It features a tetrastyle Corinthian order portico that occupies the center bays of the north elevation. The property includes extensive gardens designed by noted landscape architect Charles F. Gillette. The house was originally built for Abram L. McClellan a wealthy business man and real estate developer.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally named “Pinehurst” but was renamed “Westbourne” in 1938 by the second owner, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and biographer and onetime editor of the former Richmond News Leader. Freeman hired Virginia landscape architect, Charles F. Gillette, to design the grounds, however the gardens no longer exist as much of the property has since been subdivided.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Decatur O. Davis House is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was designed by architect Albert Lawrence West and built in 1879. It is a three-story, three-bay, Second Empire style brick dwelling with a mansard roof. It has an offset, two-story south wing. It features granite and iron ornamentation and a rare rinceau cast-iron fence.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Gordon–Baughan–Warren House, also known as Boyd House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. The original section was built about 1835, and is a -story, Greek Revival style vernacular frame dwelling. It was subsequently enlarged over the years in at least three building campaigns – c. 1860, c. 1910, and c. 1920. The house is seven-bays wide and has an irregular plan. Also on the property are the contributing guesthouse  and a garage .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Scott House, also known as Frederic W. Scott House and Scott-Bocock House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia and is owned by Virginia Commonwealth University as the University&#39;s alumni house. The first floor of the historic house is available for university, community and corporate events. Many affairs — including university and alumni receptions and retreats — have occurred at the Scott House since its doors opened in the fall of 2004.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1907, and is a three-story, 40,950 square foot, Beaux Arts style mansion. The house is seven bays wide and is faced with a pale Indiana limestone. It features a central portico of four, giant Corinthian order columns and two Corinthian pilasters that dominate the highly formal, symmetrical entrance façade. On the interior, the first floor of the Scott House can be understood as an architectural museum, with rooms in many different styles. Also on the property is a Tudor-style, half-timbered carriage house (1902).</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth and Frederic Scott bought the property from Lewis Ginter in 1903, and soon thereafter commissioned the popular firm of Noland and Baskervill to design the magnificent estate. The couple is buried at Hollywood Cemetery and their daughter, Elisabeth Scott Bocock, moved into the house in the mid 20th century. While there, she founded the Historic Richmond Foundation, the 2300 Club, and the Hand Workshop (now known as the Visual Arts Center of Richmond). In the 1960s, the house was subdivided and used as dorms for VCU students, which continued into the 90s. A renovation in 2004 led to the Scott House opening its doors to the public, and the designation of the building as a Virginia Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The historic Marble House in Newport, Rhode Island was chosen as inspiration for the Richmond structure, which was itself modeled after the Petit Trianon in Versailles. It stands proudly removed from West Franklin, an exception to the blocks density. The stately house, a handsome combination of limestone and terra cotta, is grounded by green-tiled wrapping terraces and a porte-cochére, shaded by trees in the houses garden. Oxidized copper and careful cast iron work beautifully balance the gravity of the buildings exterior. Oversized fluted columns with Corinthian capitals give the mansion a sense of monumentality. The interior is a classic example of the American Renaissance style, originating in the 18th century. The occupant moves through the public, symmetrically divided rooms with no hallways on the first floor, structured around a main entrance stair which lies under a magnificent stained glass dome. Servants’ quarters are to the rear of the building, and a large English style carriage house is hidden behind the mansion. The Anderson Gallery, constructed in 1888 from the former Ginter House stables, also stands behind the Scott-Bocock House. The splendor of the structure is a reminder of Richmonds insurance-and-banking glory days in the early 20th century, when it was an indulgent capital of the South.</p><br>
<p>Crenshaw House, also known as Younger House and Clay House, is a historic home located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1891, and is a three-story, Victorian Italianate style brick townhouse. The house was altered by the architectural firm of Noland and Baskervill in 1904. It features a flat roof decorated with a Doric entablature and copper cresting, a full height three-sided bay window, and an entry porch supported by paired Doric order columns. At two meetings in November 1909, a group of women met at the home to form what would become the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It is located in the West Franklin Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>John Rolfe Apartments is a historic apartment building located in Richmond, Virginia. The building was built in 1940, and is a two and three-story, ten-unit, International style brick building. The rectangular building has concrete copings at the edges of the staggered flat roofs. The building&#39;s sloped setting is park-like with a heavy buffer of trees to the south and an open lawn and trees along the north property line. The building is considered a rare and early example of International Style residential architecture in the city of Richmond and the region.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Boyd and Sallie Gilleland House  is a historic residence in Dawsonville, Georgia. It is located at 3 Shepard&#39;s Lane on Georgia Highway 9 , leading to Atlanta.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The -story, wood-framed Craftsman style bungalow was built in 1929. According to its NRHP description, it is a “side-gable bungalow type with a projecting front-gable roof over the porch and a front-gable dormer.”</p><br>
<p>The home contained moonshiner Boyd Gilleland&#39;s still, used during the era of Prohibition (Prohibition in the United States lasted from 1920 - 1933). The home is on a road leading to Atlanta, and the liquor produced was sold at speakeasies. The family also owned a service station, hardware store and Amicalola Lodge, and Boyd Gilleland was a Dawson County Tax Commissioner and a founder of Dawson County Bank. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 2009, for its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<p>Chamberlayne Gardens is a historic apartment complex located in Richmond, Virginia. The complex was built in 1945–1946, and consists of 52 Colonial Revival style brick buildings, attached in 16 groups. They have four building plans, are two to three stories in height and contain a total of 216 one- and two-bedroom apartments. The buildings alternate in either red or buff-colored brick, and have either a gabled slate roof  or a flat roof with</p><br>
<p>parapet ends capped with the original tile. The complex was designed by Norfolk architect Bernard Betzig Spigel and built under the auspices of the Federal Housing Administration.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Kent Road Village is a historic apartment complex and national historic district located in Richmond, Virginia. The complex was built in 1942–1943, and consists of 11 Colonial Revival style brick buildings. They are two stories in height and include three different exterior treatments. The complex was designed by Richmond architect E. Tucker Carlton and built under the auspices of the Federal Housing Administration.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Stearns Iron-Front Building, also known as the Stearns Block, is a historic commercial building located in Richmond, Virginia. It was built in 1869, and is a four-story, 14 bay, brick building with a cast iron front. The building measures 107 feet wide by 64 feet deep.</p><br>
<p>Richmond Unionist Franklin Stearns acquired what had once been the Planters Bank Building on Main Street after the American Civil War. In 1868 he erected rental housing and commercial office space, which was nicknamed the "Stearns block." The citys circuit court was held there beginning in 1870. His grandchildrens estate sold the property in 1923; the remaining iron front was noted in the Historic American Buildings Survey.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Mable House and Cemetery is a historic residential building in Mableton, Georgia, now used as the Mable House Arts Center. The plantation plain house was constructed by Robert Mable , an immigrant from Scotland who lived in Savannah, Georgia before buying the 300 acre property in Cobb County, Georgia from the Georgia Gold Land Lottery of 1832. He lived in a log cabin before building a sawmill and constructing the home ca. 1843.</p><br>
<p>The home is operated by the Cobb County Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs Department. It is the site of a fall storytelling festival, and is used for school field trips and summer heritage camps. Public tours are offered from June until September. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 1, 1988. It is located at 5239 Floyd Road.</p><br>
<p>Johnston&#39;s River Line, also called Johnston&#39;s Line, the Chattahoochee River Line or simply The River Line, is a historic American Civil War defensive line located in the communities of Mableton, Smyrna, and Vinings, Georgia that was used by the Confederate Army under General Joseph E. Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign in early July 1864. While no significant battles took place along the River Line, it remains one of the most impressive defensive fortifications ever constructed, often compared to the French Maginot Line built prior to World War II. Part of the River Line Historic Area and the Chattahoochee River Line Battlefield, the site today consists of the remains of Confederate earthwork battlements including unique fortifications called Shoupades, named after their designer, Confederate Brig. General Francis A. Shoup. The remains are spread across a six to seven mile stretch along the northwest side of the Chattahoochee River from a point just north of where Nickajack Creek joins the Chattahoochee in Mableton to north of S. Atlanta Road in Smyrna/Vinings. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1973. Although many of the remains are on private property, visitors can access the site off U.S. 78 in Mableton, and off S.R. 280 and S. Atlanta Rd in Smyrna/Vinings. The site&#39;s coordinates are {{coord|33|47|31|N|84|31|23|W}}.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the beginning of the Atlanta Campaign in May 1864, the Union Army under the command of General William T. Sherman had managed to out-maneuver Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston&#39;s Army of Tennessee throughout Northwest Georgia forcing them to fall back to a defensive position at Kennesaw Mountain in late June. Johnston saw the nearby Chattahoochee River as the largest natural boundary between his army and the city of Atlanta. He had already dispatched a hundred men to protect the Western & Atlantic Railroad bridge that crossed the river near the community of Bolton. Johnston feared the loss of thousands of men should Sherman&#39;s Army attack the Confederates during a retreat across the river. He also knew this would likely be the location of a final "last stand" in the defense of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>On June 18, 1864, roughly a week before the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, Johnston was approached by his Artillery Commander, Brig. General Francis A. Shoup, about the construction of a defensive line high atop a ridge along the northwest bank of the Chattahoochee River to which the Confederate Army could withdraw should Sherman continue his pattern of flanking maneuvers. Shoup envisioned a line of such strength as to deter any direct assault and such efficiency as to require a mere fraction of Johnston&#39;s men to hold while the majority could defend the Chattahoochee against an attempted Federal bridgehead. Johnston approved Shoup&#39;s proposal and work began the next day.</p><br>
<p>Construction of what was first called the Chattahoochee River Line started on June 19 and would take about two weeks requiring a labor force of both convalescing soldiers from nearby hospitals and over one thousand impressed slaves. While some trenches existed near the state railroad bridge that could be expanded and lengthened, most of the line would be built from scratch. Shoup&#39;s design consisted of a series of arrowhead-shaped infantry forts—36 in total were built—spaced sixty to 175 yards apart and connected by trenches broken every thirty to 75 yards by artillery redans that would house two artillery pieces. Each fort consisted of an earthen foundation with log walls or parapets extending fourteen to twenty feet high depending on the terrain. Interior earthen walls would stop short of the log exterior walls forming a platform on which infantrymen could fire over top the fort. At the rear or base of the fort and behind the line would be an entrance or sally port. From above, the line would look like a saw blade with the trenches connecting the forts receding at a backward angle to each redan and then at a forward angle to the next fort creating what Shoup called a re-entrant. Along the front of the trenches would be walls or palisades made of stockades. Each fort could hold up to eighty men. Soldiers within the forts could load rifles and hand them up to riflemen on the earthen platforms who would provide interlocking fields of fire channeling an attacking force towards the re-entrant formed by the receding trenches where artillery fire from the redans would sweep the ground. If all the forts were manned at once, the River Line would prove to be a quite formidable opponent.</p><br>
<p>About a week into the River Line&#39;s construction, Johnston, fearing another maneuver by the Union Army around his left flank, ordered a reluctant Shoup to extend the southwestern end of the line to a position covering the Mayson-Turner Ferry across the Chattahoochee. Maj. General Patrick Cleburne, however, judged the works to be excellent, and Maj. General Gustavus W. Smith remarked that the design would make Shoup famous even naming the forts "Shoupades." His chief engineer, Captain Orlando M. Poe, reported that the line "was by far the strongest he had yet encountered" and that "it would cost many lives to carry the position by assault." It wouldn&#39;t take Sherman long to revert to his time-tested method of attempting to maneuver rather than attack.</p><br>
<p>Although Federal troops constructed both trenches and battery positions opposing Johnston&#39;s River Line, General Sherman had no intention of a direct assault—especially following his underestimation of Johnston&#39;s defensive position at Kennesaw Mountain. While half the Federal forces would eventually be positioned in front of the River Line, nothing more than a few daily artillery duels would take place. In contrast with his pattern of maneuvering around Johnston&#39;s left flank, Sherman sent divisions north to find a crossing around the right flank of the River Line. By July 8 and 9, Union troops led by Brig. General Kenner Garrard and Maj. General John M. Schofield had secured crossings near Sope Creek and Roswell. Despite his claim that the position could be held for a month, Johnston had little choice but to abandon the River Line on the evening of July 9. This failure would lead to his dismissal from command by President of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis.</p><br>
<p>Shoup was devastated by the abandonment of his novel defensive system and lamented, "I took a long look at the works into which my heart had gone to such a degree and felt that the days of the Confederacy were numbered. I made good all I proposed...the line...could have been held by three thousand men for any reasonable time against a hundred thousand."</p><br>
<h2>The River Line today</h2><br>
<p>As late as the 1950s, a person could walk the length of the River Line. Today, very little remains accessible as a result of commercial and residential development.</p><br>
<p>While 36 Shoupades were originally constructed along the River Line, only nine remain in the form of earthwork foundations mostly covered by overgrowth. Only one exists on publicly owned land—a 100 acre parcel along the Chattahoochee River south of U.S. 78 in Mableton—bought by Cobb County that also includes dozens of yards of infantry trench and a fort, all of which anchored the southwestern end of the River Line. Unfortunately, none of this land is easily accessible to the public. Three Shoupades and an artillery redan, while on private property, have been preserved by developers and can be accessed by the public. Two of the three Shoupades and the redan are partially enclosed by a fence installed by a residential developer who agreed to preserve the site and turn it into what is now called Shoupade Park in Smyrna, complete with interpretive signs. Five Shoupades in total originally existed within a half mile of the park, however two were destroyed by homeowners seeking to reuse the land for other purposes or preserve its value for future sale and development. The only other Shoupade that has been preserved and can be easily accessed is located in Mableton behind River Line Park. While the park is publicly owned, the Shoupade is on privately owned land that is part of a residential development bordering the park. This developer also agreed to preserve the Shoupade and install a fence and interpretive sign. The remaining Shoupades and many yards of infantry trench, both Confederate and Federal, still exist but are on private property buried within neighborhoods or along steep or inaccessible terrain.</p><br>
<p>Other historic sites related to the River Line include the Howell Mill Dam, Hooper-Turner House, Turner-Sewell Cemetery and the Log Cabin Community Sunday School. The Howell Mill Dam is located in Mableton along Nickajack Creek on land purchased by Cobb County in 2006. Just upstream of the site where the mill once stood, the dam has yet to be made accessible to the public. Located just north of River Line Park, the Hooper-Turner House is an antebellum "hall and parlor" style home built in the 1850s and once owned by two of Cobb County&#39;s pioneering families, the Thomas Hooper family and the John R. Turner family—the latter of whom operated the Mayson-Turner Ferry that crossed the Chattahoochee River at today&#39;s U.S. 78. The house is presently owned by the city of Smyrna and, although listed on the Cobb County Historic Register, has been slated for demolition. The Turner-Sewell Cemetery is about a mile south of the Hooper-Turner House and is the final resting place of John Turner, his wife Jane and other members of the associated Sewell family. The Log Cabin Community Sunday School was built in the early 1900s in Vinings and was preserved by what is now Log Cabin Community Church.</p><br>
